Taylor Polynomials Demo.The following worksheet demonstrates some of Maple's abilities to work with Taylor polynomials. To begin we need to include the following Maple packages...restart;
with(Student[Calculus1]):
with(Optimization):Let's work with a "Bell Curve" like function... f := x -> exp(-x^2):
'f(x)'=f(x);The "Student[Calculus1]" package has a function called "TaylorApproximation" which will do pretty much everything we want.Here is the (fifth order) Taylor polynomial LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiUEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EpMkR+SW5wdXRGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2Ji1JI21uR0YkNiVRIjVGJ0Y1L0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USoyRH5PdXRwdXRGJ0ZBLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiUtRiM2JS1GLzYmUSJ4RidGMkY1RjhGQ0ZBRjVGQUZDRkE= for 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 centered at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EpMkR+SW5wdXRGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2Iy1JI21uR0YkNiVRIjBGJ0Y1L0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJy8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R0ZA=1...TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=1,order=5);This function will also happily churn out a whole list of Taylor polynomials. For example here are 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiUEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EpMkR+SW5wdXRGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2Ji1JI21uR0YkNiVRIjNGJ0Y1L0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USoyRH5PdXRwdXRGJ0ZBLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiUtRiM2JS1GLzYmUSJ4RidGMkY1RjhGQ0ZBRjVGQUZDRkE=...TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=1,order=1..3);"TaylorApproximation" will also produce plots. Here is a plot of the first 3 Taylor polynomials (in blue)along with the original function (in red). I have set the view window to 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 and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y0LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y0LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkMtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSQwLjVGJ0YvLUYsNi1RJiZsZXE7RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/L0ZCUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZFRk4tSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJ5RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvRjBRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRkotRkc2JFEkMS41RidGLy1GLDYtUSJ+RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/L0ZCUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZFRmpuLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNEYv...TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=1,order=1..3,output=plot,view=[-2..4,-0.5..1.5]);Another nice feature is that this function will output animations (a series of plots shown over time).Here are plots of the first 25 Taylor polynomials. Note: To play this animation, click on the plot and then click on the play button appearing in the toolbar at the top of this window.TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=1,order=1..25,output=animation,view=[-2..4,-0.5..1.5]);Let's compute the actual maximum error for the 9th order Taylor polynomial.P9 := TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=1,order=9);Next, we use the "Maximize" function again to find the max error...ActualMaxError := Maximize(abs(f(x)-P9),x=0..2)[1];So if we stay with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVElJnBtO0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRi8vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8= of the base point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0Y5LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5, our Taylor polynomial never gives an answer more than LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVElJnBtO0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEoMC4wMDI0NUYnRi8vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8= off of our actual function.A second example: Let's consider 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 and base at x = 0 this time.f := x -> sin(x^2)+sin(x):
'f(x)'=f(x);The Student[Calculus1] package has a function called "TaylorApproximation" which will do pretty mucheverything we want.Here is the (fifth order) Taylor polynomial LSZJIlBHNiI2IyIiJjYjSSJ4R0Yl for LUkiZkc2IjYjSSJ4R0Yk centered at JkkieEc2IjYjIiIh=0...TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=0,order=5);Here are 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiUEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EpMkR+SW5wdXRGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2Ji1JI21uR0YkNiVRIjNGJ0Y1L0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USoyRH5PdXRwdXRGJ0ZBLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiUtRiM2JS1GLzYmUSJ4RidGMkY1RjhGQ0ZBRjVGQUZDRkE= ...TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=0,order=1..3);Here is a plot of the first 3 Taylor polynomials (in blue)along with the original function (in red). I have set the view window to 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 and 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.TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=0,order=1..3,output=plot,view=[-4..4,-4..4]);Here are plots of the first 25 Taylor polynomials. TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=0,order=1..25,output=animation,view=[-4..4,-4..4]);Let's compute the actual maximum error for the 9th order Taylor polynomial.P9 := TaylorApproximation(f(x),x=0,order=9);Next, we use the "Maximize" function again to find the max error...ActualMaxError := Maximize(abs(f(x)-P9),x=-1..1)[1];So if we stay with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVElJnBtO0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRi8vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8= of the base point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5, our Taylor polynomial never gives an answer more than LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVElJnBtO0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEoMC4wMDgxNEYnRi8vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8= off of our actual function.